When they start blubbering, then you know they are to rich. I have seen a few that claim they run hotter when rich, tho I don't see how that can be.
A lean condition it will be zinggy, and have a kind of flat sound.
When an engine that is at absolute perfect air/fuel ratio producing maximum power, goes lean/leaned out, power drops off very little. Not enough for the butt dyno. But the exhaust temperatures rise very quickly. A good tuned engine runs about 1200*f on ex gasses, aluminum melts at about 750~. And basically the only thing that cools the piston is the incoming fuel charge. That's why the underside of well used pistons are coked up. They get hot enough to start cooking the oil before it ever gets to the combustion chamber.